Age and Ageing Advance Access originally published online on March 22, 2005
Age and Ageing 2005 34(3):249-255; doi:10.1093/ageing/afi044
Research Paper |
Morale in the oldest old: the Umeå 85+ study
1 Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric Medicine and Physiotherapy, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
2 Department of Nursing, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
Address correspondence to: P. von Heideken Wågert, Geriatric Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. Fax: (+46) 90 13 06 23. Email: petra.heideken.wagert{at}germed.umu.se
Abstract
Objective: to describe morale among the oldest old, and to investigate which social, functional and medical factors are associated with morale in this population.
Design: a cross-sectional study.
Setting: a population-based study in the municipality of Umeå, a city in Northern Sweden.
Subjects: half of the 85-year-old population, and the total population of 90-year-olds and 
95-year-olds (95–103) were asked to participate (n = 319) and 238 were interviewed.
Methods: structured interviews and assessments during home visits, interviews with relatives and caregivers and review of medical charts. The 17-item Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale (PGCMS) was used to measure morale. Participants were assessed with the Barthel Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Index, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), and a symptom questionnaire. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to find independent factors to explain the variation in the PGCMS score.
Results: eighty-four per cent (n = 199) of those interviewed answered the PGCMS. Three-quarters had middle range or high morale. GDS score, type of housing, previous stroke, loneliness and number of symptoms, adjusted for age group and sex, explained 49.3% of the variance of total PGCMS score.
Conclusions: a large proportion of the oldest old had high morale. The most important factors for high morale were the absence of depressive symptoms, living in ordinary housing, having previously had a stroke and yet still living in ordinary housing, not feeling lonely and low number of symptoms. The PGCMS seems applicable in the evaluation of morale among the oldest old.
Keywords: aged, 80 and over, morale, psychological well-being, depression, epidemiologic studies, elderly
Received May 23, 2004; Revision received December 6, 2004. accepted in revised form December 6, 2004.
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