Age and Ageing Advance Access originally published online on November 17, 2006
Age and Ageing 2007 36(1):62-67; doi:10.1093/ageing/afl122
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Low serum carotenoids and development of severe walking disability among older women living in the community: the Women's Health and Aging Study I
1 The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
2 Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
3 Longitudinal Studies Section, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
4 Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Address correspondence to: R. D. Semba. Tel: (+1) 410 955 3572. Email: rdsemba{at}jhmi.edu
Objective to determine whether low serum carotenoid levels, an indicator of low intake of fruits and vegetables, are associated with the progression of disability in older women.
Design longitudinal analysis in a population-based cohort.
Setting moderately–severely disabled women, 
65 years, living in the community in Baltimore, Maryland (the Women's Health and Aging Study I).
Participants 554 women without severe walking disability (inability to walk or walking speed <0.4 m/s) at baseline.
Main outcome measure incidence of severe walking disability assessed every 6 months over 3 years.
Results 155 women (27.9%) developed severe walking disability during follow-up. Rates of development of severe walking disability per 100 person-years among women in the lowest and in the three upper quartiles of total carotenoids were, respectively, 13.8 versus 10.9 (P = 0.0017). Adjusting for confounders, women in the lowest quartile of total carotenoids were more likely to develop severe walking disability (hazards ratio 1.57, 95% confidence interval 1.24–2.00, P = 0.0002) compared with women in the three upper quartiles.
Conclusion low serum carotenoid levels, an indicator of low intake of fruits and vegetables, are independent predictors of the progression towards severe walking disability among older women living in the community.
Keywords: ageing, carotenoids, disability, risk factors, women, elderly
Received 1 January 2006;
Revision received 8 September 2006.
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